The media industry chooses to focus on ethnic minorities to explore terrorism within films, and these minorities are usually Asian men, specifically Muslim. “Islamophobia is prejudice against, hatred or fear of Islam or Muslims. The term seems to date back to the late 1980s, but came into common usage after the 9/11 attacks in the United States”. It refers to types of “political dialogue that appeared prejudicially resistant to pro-Islamic argument”. It could be argued that worldwide consumers of this media are familiar with viewing a specific minority attempting to destroy the world in media texts. In reality, Muslims are being racially targeted and becoming victims of islamophobia. This essay will explore how the media industry promotes islamaphobia in society by using characters within their films which portray stereotypical Muslims as terrorists. In addition, this essay will explore the concerns developing from this, including moral panics and the way audiences react to the media.
Four Lions is a production based on four Muslim men who are portrayed to be idiotic terrorists; this implicit use of satire promotes islamophobia as the characters explicitly oppose conforming to the norms of society. For example, one protagonist pretends to be a terrorist during a debate on terrorism. After this the protagonist is removed from the building and forced in a car of another protagonist (Barry). Barry a white Muslim convert purposely drives into a wall attempting to teach the younger protagonist a lesson which is not revealed to the audience. And so, these characters representing the religion of Islam, dressed in traditional clothing, represent “a dynamic of a bunch of guys who get together and mess everything up”. The male protagonists are represented to be dim witted, and therefore negatively portrayed in comparison to females, who in this production are represented to be strong, decisive and succeders. The use of a role reversal empowers females and challenges the theory of the Cultural Myth (Barthes, 1967). The theory of the Cultural Myth states that women are passive and need saving by men. In the case of Four Lions, the only female is shown to have a feminist power whilst instructing the men that they are acting disgracefully. However, the female protagonist is then belittled by the men and dismissed, on the basis that she is inferior because she is unreligious and female, restoring the media industry’s neutrality regarding Islam and gender roles. This emphasises that the media industry represents the Muslim men to be dominant and determined to terrorise. In addition, Four Lions promotes the belief that Muslim men have no direction in life and therefore turn to terrorism. This is particularly emphasised when Waj (one of the four lions) buys a kebab and then informs the town’s people that he is a terrorist. This lunacy is reiterated with the use of irony by producer Chris Morris where he directed the protagonists to sacrifice sheep and attach bombs to crows to add a comedic factor. In terms of Audience Theory the views of the audience can vary as debated by Friske (1982). It is stated that audiences in different cultures may interpret media differently. On one hand, Muslim audiences may take offence, whilst other ethnicities, for example, African Americans may develop a prejudice towards Muslims due to what they view in productions. And so, the Muslim society is likely to be offended by this production as it stereotypes all Muslim men. Additionally, it is likely to spread the belief of islamaphobia as the audience view the behaviour of the characters which is negatively used to portray Muslims.
In British society texts such as The Hurt Locker stereotype Muslim men to be Islamic extremists, and so the audience view that the “terrorists use violence for effect, to generate attention”. With regards to Alvarado we learn that negative attitudes emphasise boundaries and differences between ethnic minorities, for example, Asian, White and Black communities. Also, by highlighting the political divide between the two groups in productions, the media industry segregates the Muslim consumers and in effect labels them to be extremists. With regards to the theories of Hegemony (Antonio Gramski) and Marxism the audience is able to distinguish that money motivated; middle class citizens have the main source of power in a capitalist society, effectively controlling the media. Crucially this concerns the public as this encourages a social hierarchy to be formed within society. This “suggests that our knowledge of the world is constructed by media representations”. This is a large concern as it leads to the Hypodermic Needle theory which emphasises that the audience stay passive and are then drip fed ideologies and beliefs from a dominant society. Not only is this undemocratic, but this encourages the belief that the audience need ‘Dumbing Down’ to understand factors between two societies which hold opposing beliefs. By doing so, a hierarchy is made within society, this forces groups of to oppose ethnicities and adds to the ranking of importance between the ethnicities within society. And so, stereotypically, as the Asian community is stereotyped to be the villains, they are likely to be lower than the British community. It is the social hierarchy which “represents the imaginary” stereotyping that all Muslims are extremists, leading to prejudice and racism.
When terrorism is focused upon in the media it is persistently based on Islam and so this is a concern as it singles out a particular minority within a democracy. With over 62 million inhabitants in the United Kingdom the media industry questionably targets the 2.4 million Muslims by representing those using idiotic terrorists who attach bombs to crows and sacrifice sheep. In turn it’s understandable that “personal and social consequences of any medium result from affairs or by any new technology”. In this case the media industry promotes ‘new technology’ which is used to models society’s views and ideologies towards others. With relation to the theory of the Hypodermic Needle it could be that the media inject its ideologies within the passive audience whilst they view the productions. This provides the audience with an undemocratic view on society and leads to segregation and racial prejudice. Also, it can be argued that the misrepresentation of the minorities is a factor the media industry dismisses. From this it can be concluded that such productions are made to attract consumers’, maximise profit and create characters that are either heroes (British) or villains (Muslims). Likewise, the cultivation theory states that the media industry has full control on the representations of groups. By controlling what the audience view the media industry passively reinforces beliefs and values that the viewer can easily identify and relate to within society. This suggests that if a terrorist attack is carried out, stereotypically according to Hollywood and British art house films, Muslims are likely to be targeted and blamed, similar to what occurs in reality.
Adding to the concern of islamaphobia The Hurt Locker is filmed in first person cinematography, the solider is British and opposing the Muslim extremists and so the audience identify the emotions of the solider and too oppose the Muslim extremists. The British media industry represents the Islamic men to cause terrorism, however, only one view of the war being shown, and this use of narrative means that the audience are not “protected by the usual mediation” as provided by television channels. In turn, with reference to the Hegemonic Model it can be assumed that “much of the media is controlled by a relatively small group of people and that the viewpoints associated with these groups inevitably become embedded in the products”. In turn, Cultural Imperialism suggests that worldwide media is dictated from the view point of the Americanised industries as it has its ideologies and values imposed upon the rest of the world. For example, 85% of the global film market and 68% of the Television market is controlled by American media institutions including Hollywood. This is a concern as “Ethnic minorities are continually misrepresented by racial (and racist) stereotypes”. And this leads to productions such as The Hurt Locker, where war is shown to be simply the American/British versus the Muslim extremists who intend to destroy the American dream. As the American dream can be associated within many western countries the audience are likely to support the democratic movement and therefore oppose those who challenge it. And so issues regarding Post Colonialism are reassessed by the audience where it becomes apparent that there are differences in culture, politics and military dominance. To conclude, using misrepresentations negatively within the media industry opposes a liberal democracy, this is a concern as media has started to undermine the political system. Therefore, by doing so it punishes those Muslims who exercise the “freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and freedom to express your beliefs”. Politically this is incorrect as it wrongfully stereotypes Muslims. Furthermore, it may lead to civil wars, more terrorism and an unsettled political system where undemocratic parties like the British National Party are likely to dominate and oppose all ethnic minorities.
The comedic use of four Muslim protagonists failing at life in Four Lions stereotypically undermines all Muslims, and so in reality this is likely to cause racial prejudice and in turn islamaphobia. The media industry has become fixated on terrorism and even the producers such as Chris Morris have stated that his characters are “absolutely real using: nail bombs, explosives, collateral damage, and the whole nine yards”. Therefore, the audience assume that Morris intentionally “takes us into their world; we don't know what the motives are, or how they came to be radicalised” however the audience is aware of the terrorists remaining “hidden and unidentifiable” to cause enigma. In addition, this leads to television programmes such as Panorama, commissioned by the BBC, to produce texts such as ‘British Schools, Islamic Rules’ which scrutinise the learning of young Muslims “claiming to have found 5,000 Muslim schoolchildren being taught that some Jews are transformed into pigs and apes and that the penalty for gay sex is execution”. This too supports the media industry with stereotyping all Islamic followers to be extremists, despite the BBC being an independent public service broadcaster, funded by the annual television license fee. It is a respected foundation “worth 7 billion pounds” yet it too singles out an ethnic minority within a diverse democracy.
Historically blockbuster productions such as Die Hard 2 ensured the terrorists were eastern European and equipped with heavy artillery. This was the case as Russia was not within the British Empire and therefore acted as a threat towards Britain. In modern cinema the terrorists are Islamic, however not geographically classed. Ironically, “In 2009, a Europol report also showed that more than 99% of terrorist attacks in Europe over the last three years were, in fact, carried out by non-Muslims”. But despite this Muslims are still negatively portrayed within the media. In comparison with historic texts, modern texts such as Four Lions and The Hurt Locker have used real terrorist attacks e.g. 7/7 and 9/11 as “models”. In addition, economically Hollywood has benefited from domestic emergencies such as terrorist attacks, as it is usual for “Hollywood to create heroes” for the audience to confide in and search for escapism and identify happiness. By doing so, “Classical Hollywood narrative provides reassurance and this structure was applied in the retelling of stories which gave us powerful heroes who save the day. These fantasies responded to the post 9/11 context and provided some comfort in a time when danger seemed very close”. So historically, it is usual for the media industry to rely on minorities in their productions to disrupt society. This has been a concern for some time and has lead to many protests despite this social branding carrying on. Islamic followers “are portrayed in the media as criminals” and this continual misrepresentation is undemocratic and concerning.
As the media industry continues to target Islam, the political balance within the United Kingdom is likely to be strained, therefore leading to islamapohobia via productions causing moral panic within society (Stanley Cohen, 1972). The theory of Moral Panic occurs when society is threatened from groups who are seen to threaten mainstream society’s values. In this case, Four Lions and The Hurt Locker both represent Muslims to be terrorists and along with this high inflation rates of 3.7% and an all time high of unemployment are likely to increase the amount of moral panic and low morale. In turn, this has major political consequences for example “Since Labour came to power in 1997, it has introduced five major pieces of terrorism legislation: the Terrorism Act 2000; the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001; the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005; the Terrorism Act 2006; and the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008”. From this evidence it is clear that the media industry dictates the world as it shapes what legislations are passed and when. This also suggests that our perception of life is mainly constructed by the media, including the governments of the world, as they too are consumers of movies with themes of terrorism and threat. Therefore, along with Post Structuralism and the uses and Gratifications Theory it is can be concluded that the media texts effects on the consumers vary. This is a concern as media effectively has the power to shape politics, legislations and the behaviour of those who are in charge of countries. In terms of islamaphobia, the media has made citizens and politicians paranoid of the threat of terrorism and therefore lead to the constant stereotyping of religious followers of Islam.
In conclusion, media texts such as Four Lions, The Hurt Locker and British Schools Islamic Rules negatively portray Islamic followers and stereotype them to be extremists. This leads to islamaphobia as those protagonists are used as idiotic terrorists, commercially used to create humour for the non Muslim audience. And so, modern cinema has moulded these perceptions whereby “a dominant class or group maintains power by making everyone accept their ideology as normal or neutral, through cultural influence rather than force”. In effect, it can be highlighted that Asian men are victims of constant negative portrayal by the media as misrepresentations are produced which lead to prejudice and discrimination.
In reality, this stereotyping is concerning as it only targets one ethnic minority within a democracy. It is specifically the Muslim society that is “portrayed in a limited fashion”. And as debated above, “of all the ways that one group has systematically mistreated another, none is more deeply rooted” than the way the media industry has victimised Islam. In reality this has subordinated the role of all Muslims in society.
Works Consulted:
Books
Hartley, John. Communication, Cultural and Media Studies. Routledge, 2002. Print.
King, Geoff. Film Comedy. Wallflower press, 2002. Print.
Lock, Pam and Bernick, Mieke. The Cinema Book, 2nd Edition. British Film Institute, 1999. Print.
Mackinnon, Kenneth. Representing men. Arnold, 2008. Print.
Neale, Shane. Genre and Hollywood. Routledge, 2000. Print.
John Sunders. The Film Genre Book. Auters, 2009. Print.
Websites
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1341167/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0887912/
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/_mmagpast/MM32_humour_timeline.html
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/_mmagpast/mm21_theory_mulvey.html
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/_mmagpast/mm23_black_press.html
http://www.englishandmedia.co.uk/mm/subscribers/downloads/archive_mm/_mmagpast/MM29_Multiplatform.html
Online Newspapers
http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/nov/22/bbc-panorama-islamic-schools-antisemitism
Moving image texts
Four Lions, 2010
http://www.four-lions.co.uk/
The Hurt Locker, 2008
http://www.thehurtlocker-movie.com/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00w8kwz
Tuesday 17 May 2011
Monday 2 May 2011
Some critics argue that the growing Disney brand is a good example of cultural imperialism.
Do you agree?
• Globalisation means that media organisations have access to larger audiences.
• National and international cultural traditions are developing as apart of a new global culture.
• New technology means that we communicate differently, this is reshaping our lives.
• One single device can now access all media from television to the telephone.
• Cultural convergence enables the largest media organisations to supply more media to larger audiences.
• Cultural perceptions are constructed by the media and they establish values and ideologies. This is called cultural homogenisation.
• Cultural imperialism refers back to the British Empire ruled by the developing world. The current US media dominates the world’s media. This is damaging for other countries culture and small independent organisations.
• Current debate about the effects of globalisation revolves around the global news system that has developed as a result o technological advances.
• Others argue that the US monopolises the global information system but is also a product and a producer of a new culture.
• The world ahs become ‘the global village’ for media. The media reflects and creates the social and cultural world we live in.
• The reception theory suggests that the audience is active, and therefore the media producers only produce texts which reflect the values and beliefs of the perceived audience.
Disney:
• Universal
• Acknowledge worldwide
• Mass markets that appeal to mass audiences
• Primary audience E, 5-15
• Secondary audience C1, C2, D, 15+
Do you agree?
• Globalisation means that media organisations have access to larger audiences.
• National and international cultural traditions are developing as apart of a new global culture.
• New technology means that we communicate differently, this is reshaping our lives.
• One single device can now access all media from television to the telephone.
• Cultural convergence enables the largest media organisations to supply more media to larger audiences.
• Cultural perceptions are constructed by the media and they establish values and ideologies. This is called cultural homogenisation.
• Cultural imperialism refers back to the British Empire ruled by the developing world. The current US media dominates the world’s media. This is damaging for other countries culture and small independent organisations.
• Current debate about the effects of globalisation revolves around the global news system that has developed as a result o technological advances.
• Others argue that the US monopolises the global information system but is also a product and a producer of a new culture.
• The world ahs become ‘the global village’ for media. The media reflects and creates the social and cultural world we live in.
• The reception theory suggests that the audience is active, and therefore the media producers only produce texts which reflect the values and beliefs of the perceived audience.
Disney:
• Universal
• Acknowledge worldwide
• Mass markets that appeal to mass audiences
• Primary audience E, 5-15
• Secondary audience C1, C2, D, 15+
Choosing one director you are familiar with, explain why you do or do not consider them to be an auteur.
• A film director whose films are so distinctive that he or she is perceived as a film's creator
• A star is an image or representation constructed by Hollywood for a particular context
Richard Dyer’s codes and conventions of the star persona:
• Constructed image
• Star is a commodity produced by institutions
• Stars represent ideologies
• Star culture is related to materialism and ideologies of beauty
• Stars support hegemony, the audience compare themselves to the stars
• Stars represented through their roles in films
• Stars are generally aspirational for the audience – hence popular hairstyles
Auteur theory, a film director directs the artistic and dramatic aspects if a film by:
• Defining the artistic vision of the film
• Controlling the content and flow of the film
• Directing the actors
• Organising locations in which the film will be shot
• Managing technical aspects e.g. positioning of cameras and soundtracks
To identify a director as an auteur implies that their films have:
• Integrity
• Creativity
• Ideological questions and debates
• Artistic exploration
• Communication with the audience
Chris Morris is an auteur:
• Focuses on real life themes such as terrorism and the demonization of Muslims on society
• Manages to focus on serious themes with the use of humour and irony which makes ‘Four Lions’, for example, an easy watch and engaging
• ‘Four Lions’ debates whether terrorism in democratic and focuses on the negative impact and the psychological damage it does to the terrorists
• Original thoughts and ideas, such as attaching a bomb to a crow, add to the comedic affect of his work and subtle jokes ease the pressure of the main serious focus of life and death
• A film director whose films are so distinctive that he or she is perceived as a film's creator
• A star is an image or representation constructed by Hollywood for a particular context
Richard Dyer’s codes and conventions of the star persona:
• Constructed image
• Star is a commodity produced by institutions
• Stars represent ideologies
• Star culture is related to materialism and ideologies of beauty
• Stars support hegemony, the audience compare themselves to the stars
• Stars represented through their roles in films
• Stars are generally aspirational for the audience – hence popular hairstyles
Auteur theory, a film director directs the artistic and dramatic aspects if a film by:
• Defining the artistic vision of the film
• Controlling the content and flow of the film
• Directing the actors
• Organising locations in which the film will be shot
• Managing technical aspects e.g. positioning of cameras and soundtracks
To identify a director as an auteur implies that their films have:
• Integrity
• Creativity
• Ideological questions and debates
• Artistic exploration
• Communication with the audience
Chris Morris is an auteur:
• Focuses on real life themes such as terrorism and the demonization of Muslims on society
• Manages to focus on serious themes with the use of humour and irony which makes ‘Four Lions’, for example, an easy watch and engaging
• ‘Four Lions’ debates whether terrorism in democratic and focuses on the negative impact and the psychological damage it does to the terrorists
• Original thoughts and ideas, such as attaching a bomb to a crow, add to the comedic affect of his work and subtle jokes ease the pressure of the main serious focus of life and death
Look again at the TV listing which you analysed for the section on effects theory.
What evidence of audience uses and gratifications in consuming media texts can you see from this analysis?
Uses and gratifications suggest that the audience is active and therefore chooses what media to consume. Each individual has reasoning’s behind choosing the media they consume and are therefore entitled to this.
Main reasons to consume media, according to Katz and Blumler (1974):
1. diversion
2. personal relationships
3. personal identity
4. surveillance
Main reasons to consume media, according to Denis MaQuail:
1. information
2. learning
3. personal identity
4. integration and social interaction
5. entertainment
Criticisms of the uses and gratifications theory:
1. too simplistic
2. its hard to explain why the audience like something
3. channel hopping occurs
4. we only consume from what is available to us
5. depends on the socio-economic situation of the audience
What the TV listing offers:
1. variety of programmes e.g. soaps, films, live sports
2. lots of genres e.g. comedy, soap, horror
3. different viewing times for busy audiences
4. sections of TV available e.g. Freeview, Sky and Virgin TV
What evidence of audience uses and gratifications in consuming media texts can you see from this analysis?
Uses and gratifications suggest that the audience is active and therefore chooses what media to consume. Each individual has reasoning’s behind choosing the media they consume and are therefore entitled to this.
Main reasons to consume media, according to Katz and Blumler (1974):
1. diversion
2. personal relationships
3. personal identity
4. surveillance
Main reasons to consume media, according to Denis MaQuail:
1. information
2. learning
3. personal identity
4. integration and social interaction
5. entertainment
Criticisms of the uses and gratifications theory:
1. too simplistic
2. its hard to explain why the audience like something
3. channel hopping occurs
4. we only consume from what is available to us
5. depends on the socio-economic situation of the audience
What the TV listing offers:
1. variety of programmes e.g. soaps, films, live sports
2. lots of genres e.g. comedy, soap, horror
3. different viewing times for busy audiences
4. sections of TV available e.g. Freeview, Sky and Virgin TV
Sunday 1 May 2011
Look at the TV schedules for this week.
http://www.tvguide.co.uk/
How might a pluralist interpret the range of programmes on offer?
There is a wide variety of programmes on offer for all audiences, ranging from soap omnibus’ e.g. Eastenders, to live snooker.
A pluralist would like to view a variety of programmes across a diverse range of channels. These would show all types of programmes including sport, movies, soaps, documentaries and drama.
What evidence is there of the media acting as the fourth estate?
With news related programmes being produced it can be argued that the media is a fourth estate.
Programmes include:
• Have I got news for you
• Question time
• News (most channels)
http://www.tvguide.co.uk/
How might a pluralist interpret the range of programmes on offer?
There is a wide variety of programmes on offer for all audiences, ranging from soap omnibus’ e.g. Eastenders, to live snooker.
A pluralist would like to view a variety of programmes across a diverse range of channels. These would show all types of programmes including sport, movies, soaps, documentaries and drama.
What evidence is there of the media acting as the fourth estate?
With news related programmes being produced it can be argued that the media is a fourth estate.
Programmes include:
• Have I got news for you
• Question time
• News (most channels)
‘The male gaze dominates Hollywood movies’. Using the top five films of the week, would you agree with this statement?
Scream 4 – no male gaze, sense of voyeurism where the killer searches for victims
Rio – animated comedy adventure rated U, about parrots that go to Brazil
Your Highness – knights rescue the damsels in distress, whilst saving their land
Little Red Riding Hood – sense of male gaze for audience, as the towns people fight
Hop – animation about a human like rabbit on the eve of Easter
Out of the 5 possible candidates only scream 4 and Little Red Riding Hood have themes of male gaze for the audience. In Scream 4, there are scenes of the female protagonists changing and this also adds a sense of voyeurism. In Little Red Riding Hood, the protagonist is an attractive females and this adds male viewings.
Scream 4 – no male gaze, sense of voyeurism where the killer searches for victims
Rio – animated comedy adventure rated U, about parrots that go to Brazil
Your Highness – knights rescue the damsels in distress, whilst saving their land
Little Red Riding Hood – sense of male gaze for audience, as the towns people fight
Hop – animation about a human like rabbit on the eve of Easter
Out of the 5 possible candidates only scream 4 and Little Red Riding Hood have themes of male gaze for the audience. In Scream 4, there are scenes of the female protagonists changing and this also adds a sense of voyeurism. In Little Red Riding Hood, the protagonist is an attractive females and this adds male viewings.
The news automatically becomes the real world for the TV user and is not a substitute for reality, but is itself an immediate reality.
Do we watch the news for the information or for entertainment?
• Watch the news for information
• It provides the citizens for information across the world
• Information makes the news factual
• Its your personal choice what to view, news is not entertaining
• Fundamental reason for news is that it is not fictional
• Entertainment news provides alternative pleasures
• Use of 60 seconds of news suggests its celebrity gossip
• Entertainment suggests that news is unreal and made up
Do you receive the reality of the information or the ‘reality’ of the entertainment?
• Reality of the news provides information
• Reality of the news increases democracy
• Freedom of information means that all have access to the news
• News suggests intelligent information
• Reality of entertainment suggests that we passively watch the news
• It suggests that learning is entertaining
• Entertainment suggests pass time
• Watch the news for information
• It provides the citizens for information across the world
• Information makes the news factual
• Its your personal choice what to view, news is not entertaining
• Fundamental reason for news is that it is not fictional
• Entertainment news provides alternative pleasures
• Use of 60 seconds of news suggests its celebrity gossip
• Entertainment suggests that news is unreal and made up
Do you receive the reality of the information or the ‘reality’ of the entertainment?
• Reality of the news provides information
• Reality of the news increases democracy
• Freedom of information means that all have access to the news
• News suggests intelligent information
• Reality of entertainment suggests that we passively watch the news
• It suggests that learning is entertaining
• Entertainment suggests pass time
Will we ever reach a point where, as an audience, we are so desensitised that we don’t need the BBFC anymore?
Race relations:
Prevent discrimination on grounds of race, colour, nationality, ethnic and national origin.
Obscene publications:
Offence for publishing obscene material, repealing the common law offence of obscene libel which was previously used, and also allows Justices of the Peace to issue warrants allowing the police to seize such materials.
Sex discrimination:
Protection of children:
Child pornography and the sexual exploitation of children
Official secrets act:
Legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security.
Libel law:
Communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image. It is usually a requirement that this claim is false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).
Cinematography films (animal):
Infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defence. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
PCC (press complaints commission):
Independent body which administers the system of self-regulation for the press. It does so primarily by dealing with complaints, framed within the terms of the Editors' Code of Practice, about the editorial content of newspapers and magazines (and their websites, including editorial audio-visual material) and the conduct of journalists.
Strive to protect the rights of individuals, while at the same time preserving appropriate freedom of expression for the press.
The PCC acts by:
•negotiating remedial action and amicable settlements for complainants;
•issuing rulings on complaints;
•using published rulings as a means of guiding newsroom practice across the industry;
•publicly censuring editors for breaches of the Code;
•passing on pre-publication concerns to editors to prevent the Code being breached;
•passing on requests to editors that their journalists cease contacting individuals, and so prevent media harassment;
•issuing formal guidance, based on its interpretation of the Code, to the industry on important issues;
•instigating its own investigations under the Code in the public interest where appropriate;
•conducting training seminars for working journalists and editors;
•liaising with other press councils internationally.
Race relations:
Prevent discrimination on grounds of race, colour, nationality, ethnic and national origin.
Obscene publications:
Offence for publishing obscene material, repealing the common law offence of obscene libel which was previously used, and also allows Justices of the Peace to issue warrants allowing the police to seize such materials.
Sex discrimination:
Protection of children:
Child pornography and the sexual exploitation of children
Official secrets act:
Legislation that provides for the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security.
Libel law:
Communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image. It is usually a requirement that this claim is false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed (the claimant).
Cinematography films (animal):
Infliction of suffering or harm upon animals, other than humans, for purposes other than self-defence. More narrowly, it can be harm for specific gain, such as killing animals for food or for their fur. Diverging viewpoints are held by jurisdictions throughout the world.
PCC (press complaints commission):
Independent body which administers the system of self-regulation for the press. It does so primarily by dealing with complaints, framed within the terms of the Editors' Code of Practice, about the editorial content of newspapers and magazines (and their websites, including editorial audio-visual material) and the conduct of journalists.
Strive to protect the rights of individuals, while at the same time preserving appropriate freedom of expression for the press.
The PCC acts by:
•negotiating remedial action and amicable settlements for complainants;
•issuing rulings on complaints;
•using published rulings as a means of guiding newsroom practice across the industry;
•publicly censuring editors for breaches of the Code;
•passing on pre-publication concerns to editors to prevent the Code being breached;
•passing on requests to editors that their journalists cease contacting individuals, and so prevent media harassment;
•issuing formal guidance, based on its interpretation of the Code, to the industry on important issues;
•instigating its own investigations under the Code in the public interest where appropriate;
•conducting training seminars for working journalists and editors;
•liaising with other press councils internationally.
Contemporary reality game show: Total Wipe Out
The general stereotypes are constructed to refer to the characters; this is based on their appearance.
The slimmer characters with an upbeat mentality are represented and introduced to be aggressive and positive. This foreshadows their success.
On the other hand, the contestants of a larger sixe, despite their mentality, are represented to be slow, lazy and unhealthy. This negative representation provides humour but also demeans the actual people considering that they are real people, have real feelings and are no in character roles.
The geeky contestants are usually slim, with big glasses and have a loving personality which gains them more support. They are shown to be the most likely winners and therefore are the focus of the game, until they reach their downfall. Their downfall is used for humour and adds a sense of sympathy whilst providing many laughs.
There are always the employed and the unemployed. The employed are usually professionals such as teachers and are usually young. They provide an important role in the game show as they attract student’s aged 13-18. Viewing pleasure increases for certain audiences such as when the teachers are hurt, disgraced, and made a mockery of by others and not the students. This provides the most humour and viewing pleasure as it enables the viewers to get their own back on the teachers. Students want them to fail.
The general stereotypes are constructed to refer to the characters; this is based on their appearance.
The slimmer characters with an upbeat mentality are represented and introduced to be aggressive and positive. This foreshadows their success.
On the other hand, the contestants of a larger sixe, despite their mentality, are represented to be slow, lazy and unhealthy. This negative representation provides humour but also demeans the actual people considering that they are real people, have real feelings and are no in character roles.
The geeky contestants are usually slim, with big glasses and have a loving personality which gains them more support. They are shown to be the most likely winners and therefore are the focus of the game, until they reach their downfall. Their downfall is used for humour and adds a sense of sympathy whilst providing many laughs.
There are always the employed and the unemployed. The employed are usually professionals such as teachers and are usually young. They provide an important role in the game show as they attract student’s aged 13-18. Viewing pleasure increases for certain audiences such as when the teachers are hurt, disgraced, and made a mockery of by others and not the students. This provides the most humour and viewing pleasure as it enables the viewers to get their own back on the teachers. Students want them to fail.
The soap: Eastenders
The sitcom: Friday Night Dinner
Friday Night Dinner has extra emphasis on the ‘geek’ character played by Simon Bird (Adam) who is the elder sibling but with a hopeless love life. In the episode I analysed Adam is set up on a date with a family friend’s daughter who shares a meal with the family. Eventually, having survived a bloody nose, wet trousers and an embarrassing father who comments on the girls bottom, Adam’s date ends up making love with his younger brother which is seen by the whole family leaving Adam as the joke of the family. This reinforces that Adam is the ‘joke’ of the family and emphasising the stereotypes that ‘geeks’ cannot find themselves a girlfriend.
In Eastenders Ben, the son of notorious Phil Mitchell is a known convict who has just been released from youth offenders. His stereotype would indicate that he is like his father, conniving, heartless and a ruthless bully. Challenging the stereotype, Eastenders shows him to be bullied and emphasises on the fact that he is actually scared, as his victims would be. He is left with no option but to accept that he will be the unwilling victim of abuse for his school life. The scene ends with him distressed and both physically and mentally hurt.
The sitcom: Friday Night Dinner
Friday Night Dinner has extra emphasis on the ‘geek’ character played by Simon Bird (Adam) who is the elder sibling but with a hopeless love life. In the episode I analysed Adam is set up on a date with a family friend’s daughter who shares a meal with the family. Eventually, having survived a bloody nose, wet trousers and an embarrassing father who comments on the girls bottom, Adam’s date ends up making love with his younger brother which is seen by the whole family leaving Adam as the joke of the family. This reinforces that Adam is the ‘joke’ of the family and emphasising the stereotypes that ‘geeks’ cannot find themselves a girlfriend.
In Eastenders Ben, the son of notorious Phil Mitchell is a known convict who has just been released from youth offenders. His stereotype would indicate that he is like his father, conniving, heartless and a ruthless bully. Challenging the stereotype, Eastenders shows him to be bullied and emphasises on the fact that he is actually scared, as his victims would be. He is left with no option but to accept that he will be the unwilling victim of abuse for his school life. The scene ends with him distressed and both physically and mentally hurt.
Friday 22 April 2011
task three
A dominant representation is on which is repeated across the media over time and so are the values that it carries. Discuss.
Representations through the media are not always truthful and therefore this leads to biased and untrue representations and stereotypes being produced by the consumers about the minorities targeted. To represent implies to stand for and support, so incorrectly representing others is undemocratic in a society where all citizens have equal rights and are should be treated fairly. This is the case in certain examples e.g. the representations of black youths and their love affair with gun, knife and drug crime.
Firstly, the repeated representations within the media can be changed to favour those who were initially discriminated via the use of web 2.0 and websites such as www.youtube.com were users can upload what they want. This use of user generated content enables the consumers of the media to actually become producers of their own mendia and control what their audience view on their ‘channel’. For example, artists such as Chipmunk and Tinchy Stryder both hold degrees from London universities and their talent was spotted through the internet, now they represent the UK and have had many top ten hits in the charts. It is for this reason that representations can be remoulded by the actual people who feel discriminated. False representations or negative ones which cause offence to those can be remoulded using the media and the internet, which effectively means that dominant representations that were negative can be reformed.
On the other hand, dominant representations imply that the media industry is Marxist and so has enforced these representations onto the audiences by using the hypodermic needle theory and the cultivation theory. The hypodermic needle theory suggests that the audience is passive and is therefore drip fed ideologies by the media to shape its views and beliefs on society. For example, websites such as www.facebook.com, www.twitter.com and www.youtube.com allow you to post your own media. However, this posting is censored if the media believes it if offensive. The question to be asked is what power does the media industry have to regulate the content which represents the beliefs of the audience? Secondly, the cultivation theory suggests that as audiences consume more media, the themes expressed are consumed by them and as a result the audience develop misleading and false views about the minority targeted. And so, dominant representations in the media mean that once they are consumed by the intended audience then certain prejudices are produced. It can be concluded that this takes pace because the media industry ‘dumbs down’ the media produced for the easy consumption of the public. And it is for this reason that undemocratic, unfair and harmful stereotypes and representations are made.
In conclusion, dominant representations which are repeated across the media over time are used to stereotype those targeted. And so the technological advances such as the web 2.0 which allows user generated content has transformed the world in such a sense any citizen can produces their own media and represent themselves in anyway they wish. It is the same internet which allows future stars such as Chipmunk and Tinchy Styder to be discovered and act as the binary opposition of the negative portrayal of the black community, for example.
Representations through the media are not always truthful and therefore this leads to biased and untrue representations and stereotypes being produced by the consumers about the minorities targeted. To represent implies to stand for and support, so incorrectly representing others is undemocratic in a society where all citizens have equal rights and are should be treated fairly. This is the case in certain examples e.g. the representations of black youths and their love affair with gun, knife and drug crime.
Firstly, the repeated representations within the media can be changed to favour those who were initially discriminated via the use of web 2.0 and websites such as www.youtube.com were users can upload what they want. This use of user generated content enables the consumers of the media to actually become producers of their own mendia and control what their audience view on their ‘channel’. For example, artists such as Chipmunk and Tinchy Stryder both hold degrees from London universities and their talent was spotted through the internet, now they represent the UK and have had many top ten hits in the charts. It is for this reason that representations can be remoulded by the actual people who feel discriminated. False representations or negative ones which cause offence to those can be remoulded using the media and the internet, which effectively means that dominant representations that were negative can be reformed.
On the other hand, dominant representations imply that the media industry is Marxist and so has enforced these representations onto the audiences by using the hypodermic needle theory and the cultivation theory. The hypodermic needle theory suggests that the audience is passive and is therefore drip fed ideologies by the media to shape its views and beliefs on society. For example, websites such as www.facebook.com, www.twitter.com and www.youtube.com allow you to post your own media. However, this posting is censored if the media believes it if offensive. The question to be asked is what power does the media industry have to regulate the content which represents the beliefs of the audience? Secondly, the cultivation theory suggests that as audiences consume more media, the themes expressed are consumed by them and as a result the audience develop misleading and false views about the minority targeted. And so, dominant representations in the media mean that once they are consumed by the intended audience then certain prejudices are produced. It can be concluded that this takes pace because the media industry ‘dumbs down’ the media produced for the easy consumption of the public. And it is for this reason that undemocratic, unfair and harmful stereotypes and representations are made.
In conclusion, dominant representations which are repeated across the media over time are used to stereotype those targeted. And so the technological advances such as the web 2.0 which allows user generated content has transformed the world in such a sense any citizen can produces their own media and represent themselves in anyway they wish. It is the same internet which allows future stars such as Chipmunk and Tinchy Styder to be discovered and act as the binary opposition of the negative portrayal of the black community, for example.
task five
Dominant reading:
• Lisa uses her intellect to avoid disappointment and failure
• Bart uses his charm and gets away with naughty behaviour
• Marge acts as the devoted mother and wife figure and supports the family
Negotiated reading:
• Homers lack of intellect and high stupidity levels, he still gets out of bother
• Fact that homer acts as a waste of space and literally is
Oppositional reading:
• Homer serves no purpose, he provides nothing for his family but bother.
• Lisa uses her intellect to avoid disappointment and failure
• Bart uses his charm and gets away with naughty behaviour
• Marge acts as the devoted mother and wife figure and supports the family
Negotiated reading:
• Homers lack of intellect and high stupidity levels, he still gets out of bother
• Fact that homer acts as a waste of space and literally is
Oppositional reading:
• Homer serves no purpose, he provides nothing for his family but bother.
task four
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGRfO9HVO4U
What is the effect of the scene on the audience?
With regards to the cultivation theory, it states as the audiences consume more media their views and beliefs become moulded and so in turn false stereotypes and beliefs can be formed. This violent scene displays three men, two white and one black man. The black man violently beats the homeless ‘grass’ who gives information for a fee to the gangsters, the camera focuses on the homeless man and his filthiness, who behaves animalistic and eats uncultured. This connotes that white men who are homeless behave disgracefully and so are beaten by the violent black aggressor. This stereotypes the black man as the aggressor and the white man, who is helpless, as the victim.
In addition, desensitisation states that if the audience are exposed to violence then they become immune to it and therefore become less sensitive to viewing it. In this clip the fact that it is so violent and leads to the victim being inhumanly being burnt by boiling water offers the audience a sense of false security as the aggressor looks directly into the camera with rage exploding in his eyes.
Lastly, this is likely to cause moral panic, this theory states that society is threatened by what they see and this anti social behaviour is likely to trouble the mature citizens. This is likely to occur as the scene this is set in is an everyday café and seems to be tranquil until the violence starts and the calming soundtrack by Duran Duran is introduced, providing a binary opposition to the actions.
What is the effect of the scene on the audience?
With regards to the cultivation theory, it states as the audiences consume more media their views and beliefs become moulded and so in turn false stereotypes and beliefs can be formed. This violent scene displays three men, two white and one black man. The black man violently beats the homeless ‘grass’ who gives information for a fee to the gangsters, the camera focuses on the homeless man and his filthiness, who behaves animalistic and eats uncultured. This connotes that white men who are homeless behave disgracefully and so are beaten by the violent black aggressor. This stereotypes the black man as the aggressor and the white man, who is helpless, as the victim.
In addition, desensitisation states that if the audience are exposed to violence then they become immune to it and therefore become less sensitive to viewing it. In this clip the fact that it is so violent and leads to the victim being inhumanly being burnt by boiling water offers the audience a sense of false security as the aggressor looks directly into the camera with rage exploding in his eyes.
Lastly, this is likely to cause moral panic, this theory states that society is threatened by what they see and this anti social behaviour is likely to trouble the mature citizens. This is likely to occur as the scene this is set in is an everyday café and seems to be tranquil until the violence starts and the calming soundtrack by Duran Duran is introduced, providing a binary opposition to the actions.
task two
The development of new and digital media means the audience is more powerful in terms of consumption and production. Discuss the arguments for and against this view.
Firstly, audiences have access to cheaper technology and so this enables more consumption and provides the consumers to become producers of their own media. For example, websites such as www.youtube.com allow the user to upload their own productions and view others as long as it does not infringe copyright laws. So this has made it much easier to consumer media worldwide over the internet using web 2.0. However, net neutrality is still not available to all and therefore this challenges democracy- the fairness and equality of all. And so, although the technology is available to the citizens the actual content, how and what they are supplied by the internet providers vary, meaning that audiences have become more powerful than the past, but they are not the most powerful in terms of consumption and production.
Similarly, user generated content has flourished in recent years and has lead to the vast increase of citizen journalism where citizens produce media. For example, the ‘rodney king’ video tape available on www.youtube.com, shows a black citizen in America being beaten by white police officer. If it was not for the recording by a fellow citizen then this illegal and unconstitutional act would have gone unnoticed. And it is for this reason that citizens and their media provided on the internet strengthens democracy, and therefore the development of new and digital media has bettered the world.
Additionally, the vast changes in technology and worldwide advances have allowed citizens of all backgrounds and classes to provide and consume media. This has been due to new devices that allow citizens to record, phone, email, watch television and search the ‘web’ at the same time anywhere. For example, the apple iphone, blackberry mobiles and htc mobile phones are internet enabled and produced with cameras over 5 megapixels. But, despite a larger variety of technology available it still does not acknowledge the fact that these mobile phones are still expensive, with their recommended retail price at around £495. Also, certain laptops produced by apple are purchased at £900+. On the whole this increases interactivity within a community formed by users and increases a sense of an internet family worldwide; making the audience is more powerful in terms of consumption and production of their own media.
On the other hand, regulations and ownership of certain music, images and videos used by the citizens in their own productions are removed by certain websites as it infringes copyright laws. It is for this reason that citizens are not yet powerful enough to publish media of their own if they sample other artists track without permission. Although this does mean plagiarism, the media industry should have certain regulations that lessen the consequences of imprisonment and heavy fines and are slightly more liberal with the use of certain samples in the use generated content. And so, this means that the audience is powerful in terms of consumption but not in terms of production.
In conclusion, the productions by citizens maybe of an amateur quality and therefore may only target a minority audience and so they are not powerful enough to disturb the worldwide media industry. But new technology means that user generated content is widely available on the internet and as a result this strengthens democracy and therefore also strengthens the media industry as a whole.
Firstly, audiences have access to cheaper technology and so this enables more consumption and provides the consumers to become producers of their own media. For example, websites such as www.youtube.com allow the user to upload their own productions and view others as long as it does not infringe copyright laws. So this has made it much easier to consumer media worldwide over the internet using web 2.0. However, net neutrality is still not available to all and therefore this challenges democracy- the fairness and equality of all. And so, although the technology is available to the citizens the actual content, how and what they are supplied by the internet providers vary, meaning that audiences have become more powerful than the past, but they are not the most powerful in terms of consumption and production.
Similarly, user generated content has flourished in recent years and has lead to the vast increase of citizen journalism where citizens produce media. For example, the ‘rodney king’ video tape available on www.youtube.com, shows a black citizen in America being beaten by white police officer. If it was not for the recording by a fellow citizen then this illegal and unconstitutional act would have gone unnoticed. And it is for this reason that citizens and their media provided on the internet strengthens democracy, and therefore the development of new and digital media has bettered the world.
Additionally, the vast changes in technology and worldwide advances have allowed citizens of all backgrounds and classes to provide and consume media. This has been due to new devices that allow citizens to record, phone, email, watch television and search the ‘web’ at the same time anywhere. For example, the apple iphone, blackberry mobiles and htc mobile phones are internet enabled and produced with cameras over 5 megapixels. But, despite a larger variety of technology available it still does not acknowledge the fact that these mobile phones are still expensive, with their recommended retail price at around £495. Also, certain laptops produced by apple are purchased at £900+. On the whole this increases interactivity within a community formed by users and increases a sense of an internet family worldwide; making the audience is more powerful in terms of consumption and production of their own media.
On the other hand, regulations and ownership of certain music, images and videos used by the citizens in their own productions are removed by certain websites as it infringes copyright laws. It is for this reason that citizens are not yet powerful enough to publish media of their own if they sample other artists track without permission. Although this does mean plagiarism, the media industry should have certain regulations that lessen the consequences of imprisonment and heavy fines and are slightly more liberal with the use of certain samples in the use generated content. And so, this means that the audience is powerful in terms of consumption but not in terms of production.
In conclusion, the productions by citizens maybe of an amateur quality and therefore may only target a minority audience and so they are not powerful enough to disturb the worldwide media industry. But new technology means that user generated content is widely available on the internet and as a result this strengthens democracy and therefore also strengthens the media industry as a whole.
task one
Compare and contrast the representation of teenagers in the two texts.
In skins the teenagers are represented to be happy whilst not being anti social, this causes a positive representation of teenagers. They are classed into sections with the two alpha males leading the pack, however opposite to the negative stereotype of black youths, the black character focused upon is portrayed to be the best behaved, and so this challenges the stereotyped previously produced. In addition, although shown to be taking drugs and being promiscuous the teenagers are shown to be having fun, but not at the expense of others in society and therefore once again this challenges that teenagers should be given a second chance as the minority of badly behaved youths in turn ensure all youths are given a bad representation within the media and society. On the whole, the characters in skins are represented to lead happy lives with their friends overcoming and difficulties together, not being violent, abusive or anti social.
On the other hand, the protagonist in Bully displays anti social behaviour and is shown to be a teenage tearaway. The game introduces a peaceful school and then introduces the ‘bully’, this creates a storyline with a peaceful equilibrium, and then when the protagonist is associated to it a disequilibrium is produced. The fact that this production emphasises that the main character uses weapons to ‘bully’ and intimidate weaker students such as slingshots and fire extinguishers connotes that the representation of male teenagers is negative. Similarly, the fact that the only female to be introduced in this production is also shown to be negative implies that the youth in American society are all disagreeable and that they should strive for constant fun and wish to not do any school work, as connoted when the protagonist is told of by the teacher and fellow students. This production clearly demonstrates that teenagers attempt to cause havoc where ever and when ever they can.
Consider the view that the current representation of teenagers is simply another ‘moral panic’.
Both texts represent teenagers negatively, however, in skins the teenagers are shown to be more mature and less anti social. In bully, the protagonist is portrayed negatively but in this instance he is out of control and through his actions it is connoted that he is a danger to society as he seems to harm other who he does not agree with.
A moral panic in terms of skins would lead the audience to think that teenagers will be stereotypically challenging and therefore may offer some attitude. In this instance the teens are shown to be a closed personal group who don’t seem to socialise with others despite binge drinking and taking drugs. With taking drugs this does explicitly show that they take part in illegal activity, but their age is on their side as stereotypically teens are shown to be experimental and so this does not pose as a moral panic. On the other hand, the fact that the teenagers are having sex may lead to a panic of under age sex and increase the panic of a higher teenage pregnancy rate within the UK. This connotes that the media industry condones this and feels that it should promote, but as the programme is targeted at 16-25 year olds it does glamorise sex and may lead to an actual moral panic for parents and carers.
Similarly, in the production of bully, the theme of bad behaviour and the glamorisation of violence are both likely to cause a moral panic for parents and carers as it emphasises the full extent of the bad behaviour of their child when left at school or in the care of others. As this behaviour is used to represent all youths in a negative manner it must cause a panic for elders and so in turn it is likely that the constant fun and adrenaline rush youths follow must be cut short. Although, this negative representation is likely to convince parents to keep their children on a tighter leash the fact that they are just youths under 18 must encourage the audience and enable them to identify when they were that age. Being just a child, bad behaviour and causing havoc is fun and therefore why should the youths not enjoys this privileged before starting adulthood?
In conclusion, both productions, whilst displaying irresponsible behaviour enforce the thought that it must be emphasised that the protagonist are just youths and therefore have plenty of time to grow up. This thought is likely to lessen the moral panic of bad behaviour and loosen the restrictions on children.
To what extent has new and digital media given younger audiences the opportunity to shape their own media representations?
New and digital media has enabled a wider consumption of media through web 2.0, television, radio and print e.g. newspapers. In turn, this means that more people have access to media and can therefore be informed of the world news. With the use of web 2.0 this has made accessing news and other easier as it means that interactivity between users can be done more.
With regards to user generated content (UGC), younger audiences have direct access to the internet and as a result can produce their own media. Although this is likely to cause moral panics for parents and others including pressure groups which promote the safety of children e.g. NSPCC. Websites such as www.youtube.com, www.facebook.com and www.bebo.com allow citizens to join at the tender age of 13. This age is questionable as it can be asked are children at this age really responsible and adult like to avoid abuse? All users can post, ‘tweet’, embed and ‘like’ whatever they produce and publish it is for the audience to judge their productions. Therefore, the user has the power to shape their stereotypes and representations, despite being naïve and uneducated about the harms of internet abusers. And so, UGC, although very helpful, is extremely dangerous for young users and can and should be blocked for the younger audience via devices parental control.
Similarly, with technology becoming cheaper and widely spread it is easier to produce your own media and therefore this leads to the remoulding of stereotypes and representations of particular groups. For example, teenagers are now producing their own videos and posting them on www.youtube.com and by doing so they are able to interact with other users. This means that the actions of the characters focused upon in the video, if bad cause moral panic and so lead to more negative stereotypes being produced. As a result, the success of UGC relies on the reaction of the audience, whether it is appreciated or heavily scrutinised. Either way internet or the use of UGC has enabled the citizens to interact and most importantly produce what they want.
On the other hand, digital media has not enabled younger audiences the opportunity to shape their own media representations as age restrictions, privacy settings and political problems have made it harder to post entirely what they wish to. For example, certain videos uploaded by users have been removed due to copyright infringement laws and the fact that certain themes mentioned, e.g. in America cannot be shown in the UK. It is for these many reasons that democracy cannot fully flourish in the world. And so, therefore this lack of support for citizens has made it difficult for citizens to produces their own media and shape representations and stereotypes.
In conclusion, new and digital media has given younger audiences the opportunity to shape their own media representations. This can be done via many websites, the main one being www.youtube.com, which can be accessed worldwide by all audiences, working as a search engine to find almost anything in the world.
In skins the teenagers are represented to be happy whilst not being anti social, this causes a positive representation of teenagers. They are classed into sections with the two alpha males leading the pack, however opposite to the negative stereotype of black youths, the black character focused upon is portrayed to be the best behaved, and so this challenges the stereotyped previously produced. In addition, although shown to be taking drugs and being promiscuous the teenagers are shown to be having fun, but not at the expense of others in society and therefore once again this challenges that teenagers should be given a second chance as the minority of badly behaved youths in turn ensure all youths are given a bad representation within the media and society. On the whole, the characters in skins are represented to lead happy lives with their friends overcoming and difficulties together, not being violent, abusive or anti social.
On the other hand, the protagonist in Bully displays anti social behaviour and is shown to be a teenage tearaway. The game introduces a peaceful school and then introduces the ‘bully’, this creates a storyline with a peaceful equilibrium, and then when the protagonist is associated to it a disequilibrium is produced. The fact that this production emphasises that the main character uses weapons to ‘bully’ and intimidate weaker students such as slingshots and fire extinguishers connotes that the representation of male teenagers is negative. Similarly, the fact that the only female to be introduced in this production is also shown to be negative implies that the youth in American society are all disagreeable and that they should strive for constant fun and wish to not do any school work, as connoted when the protagonist is told of by the teacher and fellow students. This production clearly demonstrates that teenagers attempt to cause havoc where ever and when ever they can.
Consider the view that the current representation of teenagers is simply another ‘moral panic’.
Both texts represent teenagers negatively, however, in skins the teenagers are shown to be more mature and less anti social. In bully, the protagonist is portrayed negatively but in this instance he is out of control and through his actions it is connoted that he is a danger to society as he seems to harm other who he does not agree with.
A moral panic in terms of skins would lead the audience to think that teenagers will be stereotypically challenging and therefore may offer some attitude. In this instance the teens are shown to be a closed personal group who don’t seem to socialise with others despite binge drinking and taking drugs. With taking drugs this does explicitly show that they take part in illegal activity, but their age is on their side as stereotypically teens are shown to be experimental and so this does not pose as a moral panic. On the other hand, the fact that the teenagers are having sex may lead to a panic of under age sex and increase the panic of a higher teenage pregnancy rate within the UK. This connotes that the media industry condones this and feels that it should promote, but as the programme is targeted at 16-25 year olds it does glamorise sex and may lead to an actual moral panic for parents and carers.
Similarly, in the production of bully, the theme of bad behaviour and the glamorisation of violence are both likely to cause a moral panic for parents and carers as it emphasises the full extent of the bad behaviour of their child when left at school or in the care of others. As this behaviour is used to represent all youths in a negative manner it must cause a panic for elders and so in turn it is likely that the constant fun and adrenaline rush youths follow must be cut short. Although, this negative representation is likely to convince parents to keep their children on a tighter leash the fact that they are just youths under 18 must encourage the audience and enable them to identify when they were that age. Being just a child, bad behaviour and causing havoc is fun and therefore why should the youths not enjoys this privileged before starting adulthood?
In conclusion, both productions, whilst displaying irresponsible behaviour enforce the thought that it must be emphasised that the protagonist are just youths and therefore have plenty of time to grow up. This thought is likely to lessen the moral panic of bad behaviour and loosen the restrictions on children.
To what extent has new and digital media given younger audiences the opportunity to shape their own media representations?
New and digital media has enabled a wider consumption of media through web 2.0, television, radio and print e.g. newspapers. In turn, this means that more people have access to media and can therefore be informed of the world news. With the use of web 2.0 this has made accessing news and other easier as it means that interactivity between users can be done more.
With regards to user generated content (UGC), younger audiences have direct access to the internet and as a result can produce their own media. Although this is likely to cause moral panics for parents and others including pressure groups which promote the safety of children e.g. NSPCC. Websites such as www.youtube.com, www.facebook.com and www.bebo.com allow citizens to join at the tender age of 13. This age is questionable as it can be asked are children at this age really responsible and adult like to avoid abuse? All users can post, ‘tweet’, embed and ‘like’ whatever they produce and publish it is for the audience to judge their productions. Therefore, the user has the power to shape their stereotypes and representations, despite being naïve and uneducated about the harms of internet abusers. And so, UGC, although very helpful, is extremely dangerous for young users and can and should be blocked for the younger audience via devices parental control.
Similarly, with technology becoming cheaper and widely spread it is easier to produce your own media and therefore this leads to the remoulding of stereotypes and representations of particular groups. For example, teenagers are now producing their own videos and posting them on www.youtube.com and by doing so they are able to interact with other users. This means that the actions of the characters focused upon in the video, if bad cause moral panic and so lead to more negative stereotypes being produced. As a result, the success of UGC relies on the reaction of the audience, whether it is appreciated or heavily scrutinised. Either way internet or the use of UGC has enabled the citizens to interact and most importantly produce what they want.
On the other hand, digital media has not enabled younger audiences the opportunity to shape their own media representations as age restrictions, privacy settings and political problems have made it harder to post entirely what they wish to. For example, certain videos uploaded by users have been removed due to copyright infringement laws and the fact that certain themes mentioned, e.g. in America cannot be shown in the UK. It is for these many reasons that democracy cannot fully flourish in the world. And so, therefore this lack of support for citizens has made it difficult for citizens to produces their own media and shape representations and stereotypes.
In conclusion, new and digital media has given younger audiences the opportunity to shape their own media representations. This can be done via many websites, the main one being www.youtube.com, which can be accessed worldwide by all audiences, working as a search engine to find almost anything in the world.
Tuesday 5 April 2011
Firstly, the increase in social networking means that there are topics such as gun crime, drug crime and gang culture being explicitly glamorised by the youth as a social status. This leads to negative stereotypes being produced which labels all youths to be criminals. In addition, this leads to moral panic within society as the younger generations are portrayed to be violent tearaways. This supports that the internet means youths invest more time on their internet enabled devices rather than taking part in academic studies. With unemployment at an all time high and university places unavailable only the well educated youths will be able to attend further education and this is likely to leave a large minority of those who remain uneducated, illiterate and rely on government subsidies and benefits, which in turn is likely to increase the UK’s large deficit. Therefore, these concerns are all regarding the internet and how the youth are consuming it.
Also, the increase in social networking encourages more criminals to converse and in turn this means that cyber bullying and crime is likely to increase. This is a huge problem at the moment where profiles of young teenagers, both black and white include pictures of themselves and friends with weapons and dangerous dogs. Additionally, those who use social networking in a negative manner encourage that democratic rights should be abused, for example, ‘the right to freedom of speech’. The UK is a democratic political system and therefore heavily relies on the citizens just as much as the members of parliament. Decisions made via referendums and the use of pressure groups influence the UK government and so in turn have a direct link to the quality of life and liberal civil liberties. If people are abusing these then legally they should have no right to use the internet and join social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Bebo.
Similarly, the web 2.0 and its social networking sites mean that there is likely to be more interrogations of privacy via hacking of law abiding citizens. With the internet providing the world with banking systems and confidential documents those that have the ability to hack passwords can do so and ruin the sense of privacy that users feel once they are behind a screen in the comfort of their own utopia.
Social networking sites allow people to keep in touch and share ideas and beliefs therefore this free communication benefits all involved. It has easy access, its free, available world wide and is only literally a button away. The internet as a whole, despite fulfilling many features still has not reached its pinnacle as it does not provide net neutrality and therefore should, in the near future, ensure this takes place. The fact that companies such as Sky (owned by Rupert Murdoch) and BT still are stating that they provide a service of a certain speed and then offer something a fraction of that, at full price, is truly diabolical and therefore should transform its ways to become more democratic to enable citizens to keep in touch and share ideas and beliefs.
In addition, Privacy settings can be edited on social networking websites and if you are a child under the age of 13, you cannot legally have accounts to networks such as Facebook. This is a good feature of certain websites as it ensures that crime such as paedophilia is kept to a minimal and more important innocent victims are unharmed. However, those with complacent parent or guardians are to blame if their child is subject to discrimination of any sort as it is their responsibility. In conclusion, editable websites with strict privacy settings are democratic and therefore serve a plausible function to the responsible world.
Also, the increase in social networking encourages more criminals to converse and in turn this means that cyber bullying and crime is likely to increase. This is a huge problem at the moment where profiles of young teenagers, both black and white include pictures of themselves and friends with weapons and dangerous dogs. Additionally, those who use social networking in a negative manner encourage that democratic rights should be abused, for example, ‘the right to freedom of speech’. The UK is a democratic political system and therefore heavily relies on the citizens just as much as the members of parliament. Decisions made via referendums and the use of pressure groups influence the UK government and so in turn have a direct link to the quality of life and liberal civil liberties. If people are abusing these then legally they should have no right to use the internet and join social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Bebo.
Similarly, the web 2.0 and its social networking sites mean that there is likely to be more interrogations of privacy via hacking of law abiding citizens. With the internet providing the world with banking systems and confidential documents those that have the ability to hack passwords can do so and ruin the sense of privacy that users feel once they are behind a screen in the comfort of their own utopia.
Social networking sites allow people to keep in touch and share ideas and beliefs therefore this free communication benefits all involved. It has easy access, its free, available world wide and is only literally a button away. The internet as a whole, despite fulfilling many features still has not reached its pinnacle as it does not provide net neutrality and therefore should, in the near future, ensure this takes place. The fact that companies such as Sky (owned by Rupert Murdoch) and BT still are stating that they provide a service of a certain speed and then offer something a fraction of that, at full price, is truly diabolical and therefore should transform its ways to become more democratic to enable citizens to keep in touch and share ideas and beliefs.
In addition, Privacy settings can be edited on social networking websites and if you are a child under the age of 13, you cannot legally have accounts to networks such as Facebook. This is a good feature of certain websites as it ensures that crime such as paedophilia is kept to a minimal and more important innocent victims are unharmed. However, those with complacent parent or guardians are to blame if their child is subject to discrimination of any sort as it is their responsibility. In conclusion, editable websites with strict privacy settings are democratic and therefore serve a plausible function to the responsible world.
There are always concerns about new technology. In your view, what are the possible benefits and problems attached to social networking, particularly on the Internet?
plan:
No problem with social networking:
Right to express views (democracy)
Allows access to all
Age limits are put in place
Privacy settings can be edited
Up to 18, you are a child; those 18+ are adults and therefore should be responsible
Keep in touch and share ideas and beliefs
Problems with social networking:
Means more criminals can converse
Allows a right to freedom to be abused
Threatens law abiding citizens
Interrogate privacy via hacking
Time consuming for youth who should be working
Stereotypes groups of people, by the actions of an individual
Topics such as guns, gang culture is glamorised within youth culture
plan:
No problem with social networking:
Right to express views (democracy)
Allows access to all
Age limits are put in place
Privacy settings can be edited
Up to 18, you are a child; those 18+ are adults and therefore should be responsible
Keep in touch and share ideas and beliefs
Problems with social networking:
Means more criminals can converse
Allows a right to freedom to be abused
Threatens law abiding citizens
Interrogate privacy via hacking
Time consuming for youth who should be working
Stereotypes groups of people, by the actions of an individual
Topics such as guns, gang culture is glamorised within youth culture
Consider the view that the current press treatment of teenagers is simply another ‘moral panic’
On one hand the recent negative portrayal of youths within the media has moulded many stereotypes and in turn branded all youth’s thugs, this causes a false sense of moral panic. The media has fixated their efforts on making youths seem negative despite the majority of youths acting as legal, law abiding citizens. For example, the
2010 tuition fees protest held across the UK, it was only a small minority of youths who acted illegally and chose to become criminals by breaking not buildings. And by doing so the media has moulded negative stereotypes of all youths.
Similarly, these stereotypes are false and as a result they encourage prejudice towards groups within the youths and so form incorrect stereotypes. In reality the fact is that all people whether young or old have the ability to be criminals and so it is unjust that only the youth are classed within society and are given negative stereotypes. With relation to the hypodermic needle theory the audience is passive and are drip fed ideologies regarding the targeted minority. Also, it can be debated that this occurs as the media industry is Marxist and therefore is money motivated. The industry selects those that already have negative representations and simply add to those increasing the false moral panic of the public, created by the media industry, and ultimately this degrades those targeted.
On the other hand, with proof that the youth in modern society have weapons such as guns, as shown in the Metro paper, moral panics are right to occur. In reality, all citizens within society have committed a crime, whether speeding in a vehicle or dropping litter. The question that is posed by the people is whether the youths have taken this a step too far and in turn directly increased crime. Although statistics prove this, crime has increased by 3% in London from 2007-2011, it is the youths with gang culture, knife crime, drug related crime etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that youths in modern day society follow gang culture and commit crime, adding to the moral panic of society.
Whilst it is suggested that the treatment of youths is simply a moral panic as the representation of youths is built on some stereotypes these have been pursued by the media and are now used to reflect society, causing a moral panic. Despite youths being young and having time to change their ways the constant pressure set upon them by the media and the education system provides a reason to either succeed or pursue the ‘gangster lifestyle’. It is this ‘lifestyle’ that youths are somehow stereotyped to want and so all are negatively portrayed within the media. It is this that causes moral panic, where other speculate and make fictitious beliefs that youths are forced into by being branded.
To conclude, moral panics are effectively produced by the media as they shape the beliefs of the citizens. By producing negative representations and enforcing them onto young adults it reduces their morale and hinders their chances of becoming successful as nobody is willing to give them an opportunity, as they are labelled thugs.
2010 tuition fees protest held across the UK, it was only a small minority of youths who acted illegally and chose to become criminals by breaking not buildings. And by doing so the media has moulded negative stereotypes of all youths.
Similarly, these stereotypes are false and as a result they encourage prejudice towards groups within the youths and so form incorrect stereotypes. In reality the fact is that all people whether young or old have the ability to be criminals and so it is unjust that only the youth are classed within society and are given negative stereotypes. With relation to the hypodermic needle theory the audience is passive and are drip fed ideologies regarding the targeted minority. Also, it can be debated that this occurs as the media industry is Marxist and therefore is money motivated. The industry selects those that already have negative representations and simply add to those increasing the false moral panic of the public, created by the media industry, and ultimately this degrades those targeted.
On the other hand, with proof that the youth in modern society have weapons such as guns, as shown in the Metro paper, moral panics are right to occur. In reality, all citizens within society have committed a crime, whether speeding in a vehicle or dropping litter. The question that is posed by the people is whether the youths have taken this a step too far and in turn directly increased crime. Although statistics prove this, crime has increased by 3% in London from 2007-2011, it is the youths with gang culture, knife crime, drug related crime etc. Therefore, it can be concluded that youths in modern day society follow gang culture and commit crime, adding to the moral panic of society.
Whilst it is suggested that the treatment of youths is simply a moral panic as the representation of youths is built on some stereotypes these have been pursued by the media and are now used to reflect society, causing a moral panic. Despite youths being young and having time to change their ways the constant pressure set upon them by the media and the education system provides a reason to either succeed or pursue the ‘gangster lifestyle’. It is this ‘lifestyle’ that youths are somehow stereotyped to want and so all are negatively portrayed within the media. It is this that causes moral panic, where other speculate and make fictitious beliefs that youths are forced into by being branded.
To conclude, moral panics are effectively produced by the media as they shape the beliefs of the citizens. By producing negative representations and enforcing them onto young adults it reduces their morale and hinders their chances of becoming successful as nobody is willing to give them an opportunity, as they are labelled thugs.
Compare and contrast the two texts, with particular reference to the representation of teenagers
Firstly, the Metro newspaper, a free tabloid paper, represents teenagers as criminals as the word ‘gangsters’ connotes. It is specifically the black youths who are targeted and so the image with the black youth with the revolver connotes that black youths are submerged with the ‘gangster’ lifestyle. In addition, the fact that the paper targets youths reiterates that new and digital media is used for crime by youths as strategies to recruit or target others. This is emphasised by the heading ‘YouTube gangsters’, it partials blames the website as it implies that the negative portrayal would not be available if the website was not there for the youths to use. That use of this image by the Metro stereotypes all black youths in particular to be criminals.
In addition, the emphasis on the gun and weapons as a whole exaggerates that youths dictate society, which in turn causes moral panic. The thought of the next generation being the future is somewhat tarnished by the newspaper report as the image and the headline connote that the future generation is violent and therefore do not contribute positively towards society. Ironically, in contrast to this focal point the ‘short break’ advertised presents an utopia for the readers to identify with and provide a sense of escapism. By doing so, the highlight on the criminal youths in the UK offer readers to literally take a ‘short break’ from the hectic lifestyle that the youths provide where the citizens reside.
The Daily Mail, a respected paper known for its reliability, also encourages the thought that children are now thugs and therefore also dictate society, adding to moral panic. However, as shown in the daily mail article the ‘yobs’ are shown to be white and therefore this provides an alternative group of youths to blame. The stereotype produced by the media branding youths generally targets ethnic minorities, but this article refers to white children who look about 13. The white children are now also branded criminals, shown to be binge drinkers and effectively portrayed as lower class citizens. In particular, the use of the word ‘must’ has forceful connotations by society, suggesting that if youths are represented in the media to be bad, then they must be ‘yobs’ or ‘criminals’.
In addition, the emphasis on the gun and weapons as a whole exaggerates that youths dictate society, which in turn causes moral panic. The thought of the next generation being the future is somewhat tarnished by the newspaper report as the image and the headline connote that the future generation is violent and therefore do not contribute positively towards society. Ironically, in contrast to this focal point the ‘short break’ advertised presents an utopia for the readers to identify with and provide a sense of escapism. By doing so, the highlight on the criminal youths in the UK offer readers to literally take a ‘short break’ from the hectic lifestyle that the youths provide where the citizens reside.
The Daily Mail, a respected paper known for its reliability, also encourages the thought that children are now thugs and therefore also dictate society, adding to moral panic. However, as shown in the daily mail article the ‘yobs’ are shown to be white and therefore this provides an alternative group of youths to blame. The stereotype produced by the media branding youths generally targets ethnic minorities, but this article refers to white children who look about 13. The white children are now also branded criminals, shown to be binge drinkers and effectively portrayed as lower class citizens. In particular, the use of the word ‘must’ has forceful connotations by society, suggesting that if youths are represented in the media to be bad, then they must be ‘yobs’ or ‘criminals’.
Tuesday 29 March 2011
Ha-Joon Chang: The net isn't as important as we think
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/aug/29/my-bright-idea-ha-joon-chang
Did the washing machine change the world more than the Internet?
Although the Internet enables us to discover new information it is not a human right. personally i feel that it is a necessity and therefore those who can afford it should have it.
The washing machine liberated workers and enabled humans to have easier lives where they have more spare time.
The Internet has made the world a more Democratic home for its inhabitants as citizens are now able to access information. However, communist countries limit this.
Internet has it limitations:
less secure to do online banking
dangerous for children
Internet security is advised (more cost)
speeds of sites and providers vary
no net neutrality
Did the washing machine change the world more than the Internet?
Although the Internet enables us to discover new information it is not a human right. personally i feel that it is a necessity and therefore those who can afford it should have it.
The washing machine liberated workers and enabled humans to have easier lives where they have more spare time.
The Internet has made the world a more Democratic home for its inhabitants as citizens are now able to access information. However, communist countries limit this.
Internet has it limitations:
less secure to do online banking
dangerous for children
Internet security is advised (more cost)
speeds of sites and providers vary
no net neutrality
It has been said that media representations often reflect the social and political concerns of the age in which they are created. Discuss
Media representations help shape world stereotypes, for ethnic minorities, in particular. Digital media for example represents citizens within democracy but does not always accurately represent groups equally. In modern society black youths are said to be dangerous, Islamic followers are subject to prejudice and the white British males are portrayed to be dominant within society.
Firstly, media representations reflect society’s social views such as representations of minorities, this leads to either negative or positive discrimination within democracies of those and in turn leads to political representations of those groups being distorted. This can be supported by televised news channels that claim to be neutral e.g. BBC. Whilst on the other hand, channels which are privately owned such as SKY, owned by Rupert Murdoch, are free to broadcast as they wish...
Also, modern technology such as web 2.0, wifi and smart phones which enable ‘on the go’ media means that positive or negative representations are more widely available. Concerns regarding media are constantly changing and therefore evolve as time passes adapting to the consumers and producers tastes...
Male gaze and scopophilia is another factor which follows social and political stereotypes...
In addition, gender trouble adds to the...
In terms of the underground music industry artists such as Joe Black, Benny banks and Hunt struggle to breakthrough into mainstreams music. Although this is due to the genre of music it also heavily relies on their race and negative stereotypes produced by society. As on the other hand, an artist from London name K Koke, the lead member of USG, has been signed by Jay Z, under Roc Nation. And it is for this reason that whilst media provides the advertisement of producer’s music, it also leads to stereotypes being produced.
It can be assumed that the stereotypes produced are dependent on the consumer and that obviously these representations will vary from fans to those who consider themselves of high class and important figures such as politicians. Despite political strategies within the UK such as ‘hug a hoody’ and ‘no hoodies in malls/shopping centres’...
In terms of politics social divides are likely to occur through the constant prejudice and discrimination faced by ethnic minorities. In turn this is likely to have a negative economic affect on society as less jobe are likely to be produced. For instance in USA affirmative action and positive discrimintation means that tghose less fortunate from ethnic minorities are allocated jobs in communities. alhtouthis may decrease morale wihint society at least governments are attempting to reach equality for all and equal opportunities- unlike British media, with the negative stereotypes produced.
Firstly, media representations reflect society’s social views such as representations of minorities, this leads to either negative or positive discrimination within democracies of those and in turn leads to political representations of those groups being distorted. This can be supported by televised news channels that claim to be neutral e.g. BBC. Whilst on the other hand, channels which are privately owned such as SKY, owned by Rupert Murdoch, are free to broadcast as they wish...
Also, modern technology such as web 2.0, wifi and smart phones which enable ‘on the go’ media means that positive or negative representations are more widely available. Concerns regarding media are constantly changing and therefore evolve as time passes adapting to the consumers and producers tastes...
Male gaze and scopophilia is another factor which follows social and political stereotypes...
In addition, gender trouble adds to the...
In terms of the underground music industry artists such as Joe Black, Benny banks and Hunt struggle to breakthrough into mainstreams music. Although this is due to the genre of music it also heavily relies on their race and negative stereotypes produced by society. As on the other hand, an artist from London name K Koke, the lead member of USG, has been signed by Jay Z, under Roc Nation. And it is for this reason that whilst media provides the advertisement of producer’s music, it also leads to stereotypes being produced.
It can be assumed that the stereotypes produced are dependent on the consumer and that obviously these representations will vary from fans to those who consider themselves of high class and important figures such as politicians. Despite political strategies within the UK such as ‘hug a hoody’ and ‘no hoodies in malls/shopping centres’...
In terms of politics social divides are likely to occur through the constant prejudice and discrimination faced by ethnic minorities. In turn this is likely to have a negative economic affect on society as less jobe are likely to be produced. For instance in USA affirmative action and positive discrimintation means that tghose less fortunate from ethnic minorities are allocated jobs in communities. alhtouthis may decrease morale wihint society at least governments are attempting to reach equality for all and equal opportunities- unlike British media, with the negative stereotypes produced.
Thursday 17 March 2011
Digital media, in many ways, changed how we consumer media products
Who do you think benefits most- audiences or producers?
To introduce, digital media has enabled a wider audience and so forces the industrial producers such as the BBC, SKY and ITV to become more interactive. This has encouraged user generated content, increased the amount of citizen journalists and increased the advances in technology, which in turn has made it cheaper to purchase technology for the citizens to enable them to become producers.
Firstly, “media globalisation is tightly interweaven with world economy and market forces” and so as more products are available to consumers, the consumers become producers too. Supported by this, the theory of Marxism suggests that the media industry is only money motivated, therefore with such technology available to consumers and producers, consumers are more likely to become producers. For example, www.youtube.com enables producers to post up their productions as long as they meet youtube’s privacy and copyright criteria.
Similarly, programmes such as ‘you’ve been framed’ encourage citizens to ‘send in’ their media via text, email or DVD, and in turn the citizens receive £250. In effect the cash payment acts as an incentive for the public, but in reality, programmes such as these rely on citizens and their media to broadcast. Similarly, the news channels act like this where they rely on citizen journalists to produce media about factors such as the weather conditions across the world, traffic situations within major cities and also the citizen’s personal opinions on the discussed topics within the news. Therefore this benefits the audience and encourages a healthy democracy.
Also, with reference to the ‘rodney king’ recording found on many sharing websites, this encourages citizen journalism. From this it can be concluded that “capitalist production develops technology combining together various processes into social life”, whilst encouraging consuemrs to become producers. In turn, this creates demands for induvidual packages such as sport, science, history. And so, th emocrtic UK, although catyering for all, does not “resist the tyranny of the specialists”. Despite catering for all, new digital media also benefits products as more profit is then easily comissioned.
In addition, the advances in technology mean that there is more demand, and so more consumers purchase the products of the induvidual companies such as Nokia, Samsung and Blackberry. Obviously this benefits the producersbut it ensures that the audience remain passive despite using the services provided. However, it can also be argues that the producers have their technology for it to be use with web 2.0 to access a wider audience. In turn, these products suggest that “the americanisation of world culture so often commented on and often deplored might be better described as the discovery of world culture”. In this case, this this statement is true as at the moment there are over 5 hundred million facebook users who can access it on their ‘smartphones’. This not onyl benefits the audience but enables the producers to widen theri horizons to attract more consumers.
On the other hand, channels such as sky, bbc and itv have ‘send in’ sections specifially designed for consumers. This relies on citizen journalists to produce media about factors such as the weather conditions across the world, traffic situations within major cities and also the citizen’s personal opinions on the discussed topics within the news. This means that web 2.0 fully flourishes as it iis used daily by most of the world. As technology advances it suggests that in terms of cultural imperialism “western nations dominate the media around the world whcih in turn effects the world”. For example, Libya and Egypt relied on facebook and twitter to spread democracyt and rebel against dictators such as Gaddaffi. Western culture no “longer imposes thrid world cultures...destroying cultures”. Therefore, enabling consumers to become producers, increasing interactivity and spreading world news and culture.
Who do you think benefits most- audiences or producers?
To introduce, digital media has enabled a wider audience and so forces the industrial producers such as the BBC, SKY and ITV to become more interactive. This has encouraged user generated content, increased the amount of citizen journalists and increased the advances in technology, which in turn has made it cheaper to purchase technology for the citizens to enable them to become producers.
Firstly, “media globalisation is tightly interweaven with world economy and market forces” and so as more products are available to consumers, the consumers become producers too. Supported by this, the theory of Marxism suggests that the media industry is only money motivated, therefore with such technology available to consumers and producers, consumers are more likely to become producers. For example, www.youtube.com enables producers to post up their productions as long as they meet youtube’s privacy and copyright criteria.
Similarly, programmes such as ‘you’ve been framed’ encourage citizens to ‘send in’ their media via text, email or DVD, and in turn the citizens receive £250. In effect the cash payment acts as an incentive for the public, but in reality, programmes such as these rely on citizens and their media to broadcast. Similarly, the news channels act like this where they rely on citizen journalists to produce media about factors such as the weather conditions across the world, traffic situations within major cities and also the citizen’s personal opinions on the discussed topics within the news. Therefore this benefits the audience and encourages a healthy democracy.
Also, with reference to the ‘rodney king’ recording found on many sharing websites, this encourages citizen journalism. From this it can be concluded that “capitalist production develops technology combining together various processes into social life”, whilst encouraging consuemrs to become producers. In turn, this creates demands for induvidual packages such as sport, science, history. And so, th emocrtic UK, although catyering for all, does not “resist the tyranny of the specialists”. Despite catering for all, new digital media also benefits products as more profit is then easily comissioned.
In addition, the advances in technology mean that there is more demand, and so more consumers purchase the products of the induvidual companies such as Nokia, Samsung and Blackberry. Obviously this benefits the producersbut it ensures that the audience remain passive despite using the services provided. However, it can also be argues that the producers have their technology for it to be use with web 2.0 to access a wider audience. In turn, these products suggest that “the americanisation of world culture so often commented on and often deplored might be better described as the discovery of world culture”. In this case, this this statement is true as at the moment there are over 5 hundred million facebook users who can access it on their ‘smartphones’. This not onyl benefits the audience but enables the producers to widen theri horizons to attract more consumers.
On the other hand, channels such as sky, bbc and itv have ‘send in’ sections specifially designed for consumers. This relies on citizen journalists to produce media about factors such as the weather conditions across the world, traffic situations within major cities and also the citizen’s personal opinions on the discussed topics within the news. This means that web 2.0 fully flourishes as it iis used daily by most of the world. As technology advances it suggests that in terms of cultural imperialism “western nations dominate the media around the world whcih in turn effects the world”. For example, Libya and Egypt relied on facebook and twitter to spread democracyt and rebel against dictators such as Gaddaffi. Western culture no “longer imposes thrid world cultures...destroying cultures”. Therefore, enabling consumers to become producers, increasing interactivity and spreading world news and culture.
Tuesday 15 March 2011
WHAT IS NET NEUTRALITY?
Where all people should recieve the same braodband connection, at the same speed, and have the right to view the same material as one and other at the same speed.
IS THE INTERNET NEUTRAL?
At the moment the internet is not neutral as there are many types of boradband connections using web 2.0. In turn, this has lead to certain consumers viewing various content types at different speeds.
SHOULD THE INTERNET BE NEUTRAL?
In short, yes. It will make the UK more democratic and in turn enable all consumers of web 2.0 to view the content they want at the speed for which they pay for.
Where all people should recieve the same braodband connection, at the same speed, and have the right to view the same material as one and other at the same speed.
IS THE INTERNET NEUTRAL?
At the moment the internet is not neutral as there are many types of boradband connections using web 2.0. In turn, this has lead to certain consumers viewing various content types at different speeds.
SHOULD THE INTERNET BE NEUTRAL?
In short, yes. It will make the UK more democratic and in turn enable all consumers of web 2.0 to view the content they want at the speed for which they pay for.
Dems To Re-Offer Amendments to Net Neutrality Resolution
http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/465262-Dems_To_Re_Offer_Amendments_to_Net_Neutrality_Resolution.php
It looks like the Democrats will once again try to amend the Republican's resolution of disapproval invalidating the FCC's network neutrality rules.
The resolution passed in the Communications Subcommittee last week. Although amendments are not germane to such resolutions, Democrats offered up a half dozen to illustrate the important Internet issues they thought the resolution would prevent the FCC from dealing with, including Web site blocking, emergency communications, fraud, child porn, and privacy.
For example, one amendment stipulates that the FCC regs would go into effect as planned "if the Commission, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, determines that the failure of such rule to take effect would result in the loss of 1000 or more jobs." Dems argue the resolution would be a job-killer.
According to a list of the amendments for Tuesday's full House Energy & Commerce Committee hearing, the same amendments will be offered once again. If past is prologue, Committee Chairman Fred Upton (R-Mich.) will rule that each is not germane following their introduction, after which the resolution will be voted on.
Next stop will be the House floor, though it will almost certainly be stopped in the Democratically controlled Senate.
It looks like the Democrats will once again try to amend the Republican's resolution of disapproval invalidating the FCC's network neutrality rules.
The resolution passed in the Communications Subcommittee last week. Although amendments are not germane to such resolutions, Democrats offered up a half dozen to illustrate the important Internet issues they thought the resolution would prevent the FCC from dealing with, including Web site blocking, emergency communications, fraud, child porn, and privacy.
For example, one amendment stipulates that the FCC regs would go into effect as planned "if the Commission, in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, determines that the failure of such rule to take effect would result in the loss of 1000 or more jobs." Dems argue the resolution would be a job-killer.
According to a list of the amendments for Tuesday's full House Energy & Commerce Committee hearing, the same amendments will be offered once again. If past is prologue, Committee Chairman Fred Upton (R-Mich.) will rule that each is not germane following their introduction, after which the resolution will be voted on.
Next stop will be the House floor, though it will almost certainly be stopped in the Democratically controlled Senate.
ISPs to outline stance on net neutrality
http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/mar/09/isps-outline-stance-net-neutrality
BT, Sky and Virgin Media to explain 'two-speed internet' policies at summit on net neutrality
BT, Sky and Virgin Media – along with the rest of Britain's leading internet service providers – will next week outline an industry-wide "code of practice" on how they explain controversial "two-speed internet" policies to customers.
The group will make their announcement at a ministerial summit on net neutrality chaired by culture minister Ed Vaizey – which will also be attended by Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the web and a strong supporter of net neutrality – on 16 March.
The ISPs plan to publish how they manage internet traffic – such as video viewing, music streaming and movie downloading – in comparison to their rivals. That will make clear if they throttle popular services such as the BBC's iPlayer to maintain capacity for all customers on their network.
However, the companies – whose ranks also include the leading mobile operators – will not commit to a minimum service standard, even though some phone companies believe that "there should be a basic commitment to let people browse everything on the internet".
The agreement follows a wide-ranging debate on "net neutrality" – whether ISPs should be allowed to charge content companies such as the BBC or Google for faster delivery to the nation's homes.
BT, TalkTalk and others argue that ISPs should be free to strike deals for more efficient delivery.
Under the plans, described as a "voluntary code of conduct" by people at the meeting, ISPs will be compelled to publish a "scorecard" of how they speed up and slow down traffic and for which companies. But internet providers will still be allowed to throttle public access to video and peer-to-peer services if they wish.
The Broadband Stakeholders Group, which has been facilitating meetings with ISPs on traffic management since late last year, will publish a statement shortly after the meeting. ISPs hope the move will head off an enforced code of practice by the communications regulator Ofcom.
Most ISPs manage traffic at peak times to enable faster speeds for their customers. The BBC has been in fights with ISPs over the amount of bandwidth used to stream its iPlayer service.
In November, the corporation said it would introduce a "traffic light system" on the iPlayer, so that viewers could say whether their connection was being slowed down by providers.
Mark Thompson, the BBC director general, publicly intervened in the net neutrality debate in January, saying an internet "fast lane" could undermine the corporation's responsibility to deliver programming to the nation's homes.
"As the web becomes a vehicle for the transport of richer and richer content, the question of whether all content from all providers is treated equally by the networks becomes ever sharper," he said.
BT, Sky and Virgin Media to explain 'two-speed internet' policies at summit on net neutrality
BT, Sky and Virgin Media – along with the rest of Britain's leading internet service providers – will next week outline an industry-wide "code of practice" on how they explain controversial "two-speed internet" policies to customers.
The group will make their announcement at a ministerial summit on net neutrality chaired by culture minister Ed Vaizey – which will also be attended by Tim Berners-Lee, the founder of the web and a strong supporter of net neutrality – on 16 March.
The ISPs plan to publish how they manage internet traffic – such as video viewing, music streaming and movie downloading – in comparison to their rivals. That will make clear if they throttle popular services such as the BBC's iPlayer to maintain capacity for all customers on their network.
However, the companies – whose ranks also include the leading mobile operators – will not commit to a minimum service standard, even though some phone companies believe that "there should be a basic commitment to let people browse everything on the internet".
The agreement follows a wide-ranging debate on "net neutrality" – whether ISPs should be allowed to charge content companies such as the BBC or Google for faster delivery to the nation's homes.
BT, TalkTalk and others argue that ISPs should be free to strike deals for more efficient delivery.
Under the plans, described as a "voluntary code of conduct" by people at the meeting, ISPs will be compelled to publish a "scorecard" of how they speed up and slow down traffic and for which companies. But internet providers will still be allowed to throttle public access to video and peer-to-peer services if they wish.
The Broadband Stakeholders Group, which has been facilitating meetings with ISPs on traffic management since late last year, will publish a statement shortly after the meeting. ISPs hope the move will head off an enforced code of practice by the communications regulator Ofcom.
Most ISPs manage traffic at peak times to enable faster speeds for their customers. The BBC has been in fights with ISPs over the amount of bandwidth used to stream its iPlayer service.
In November, the corporation said it would introduce a "traffic light system" on the iPlayer, so that viewers could say whether their connection was being slowed down by providers.
Mark Thompson, the BBC director general, publicly intervened in the net neutrality debate in January, saying an internet "fast lane" could undermine the corporation's responsibility to deliver programming to the nation's homes.
"As the web becomes a vehicle for the transport of richer and richer content, the question of whether all content from all providers is treated equally by the networks becomes ever sharper," he said.
Net neutrality should be law, says media tycoon
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/sxsw/8382431/Net-neutrality-should-be-law-says-media-tycoon.html
Barry Diller, the chairman of IAC, which owns a host of internet companies, including Ask.com, Vimeo and The Daily Beast, has called for net neutrality to be enshrined in US law.
Speaking at South By Southwest in Austin, Texas, Diller said: “We need an unambiguous rule - a law - that nobody will step between the publisher and the consumer, full stop.”
Diller said that without net neutrality, which guarantees that all internet traffic will be treated equally, regardless of its type, a small number of companies would be able to hold consumers “to ransom”.
He said that internet access should be a utility, like electricity, and that service providers demands to be allowed to charge different amounts for different types of traffic was like “asking the toaster to pay for the electricity”.
Diller, whose impressive career has included stints as CEO of ABC, Paramount Pictures and Fox, has been involved in the internet since 2000 said: “The internet is a miracle. It shouldn’t have happened [...] You push a button and you publish to the world.”
He said attempts to limit net neutrality were an attack on that freedom.
Earlier in the day by Al Franken, the Democrat senator for Minnesota, made his own call for net neutrality. He warned the SXSW audience: “Every policy maker in Washington is hearing much more from the anti-net neutrality side than the side without lobbyists. But everyone has more to fear from these big corporations that from us.”
He added: “There is nothing more motivated than a corporation that thinks it is leaving money on the table.”
Diller echoed those views, saying that he had asked a cable company executive why he was against net neutrality, despite the inherent fairness of treating all traffic equally. The executive, who Diller did not name, told him: “Fairness has nothing to do with it. We get all the money right now. We don’t want anyone else to get the money and that’s why we’re against net neutrality.”
In Britain, the Government has refused to back net neutrality but Ed Vaizey, the Communications Minister, told the Telegraph last year that his priority was “an open internet”. He said: “Should the internet develop in a way that was detrimental to consumer interests we would seek to intervene.”
Barry Diller, the chairman of IAC, which owns a host of internet companies, including Ask.com, Vimeo and The Daily Beast, has called for net neutrality to be enshrined in US law.
Speaking at South By Southwest in Austin, Texas, Diller said: “We need an unambiguous rule - a law - that nobody will step between the publisher and the consumer, full stop.”
Diller said that without net neutrality, which guarantees that all internet traffic will be treated equally, regardless of its type, a small number of companies would be able to hold consumers “to ransom”.
He said that internet access should be a utility, like electricity, and that service providers demands to be allowed to charge different amounts for different types of traffic was like “asking the toaster to pay for the electricity”.
Diller, whose impressive career has included stints as CEO of ABC, Paramount Pictures and Fox, has been involved in the internet since 2000 said: “The internet is a miracle. It shouldn’t have happened [...] You push a button and you publish to the world.”
He said attempts to limit net neutrality were an attack on that freedom.
Earlier in the day by Al Franken, the Democrat senator for Minnesota, made his own call for net neutrality. He warned the SXSW audience: “Every policy maker in Washington is hearing much more from the anti-net neutrality side than the side without lobbyists. But everyone has more to fear from these big corporations that from us.”
He added: “There is nothing more motivated than a corporation that thinks it is leaving money on the table.”
Diller echoed those views, saying that he had asked a cable company executive why he was against net neutrality, despite the inherent fairness of treating all traffic equally. The executive, who Diller did not name, told him: “Fairness has nothing to do with it. We get all the money right now. We don’t want anyone else to get the money and that’s why we’re against net neutrality.”
In Britain, the Government has refused to back net neutrality but Ed Vaizey, the Communications Minister, told the Telegraph last year that his priority was “an open internet”. He said: “Should the internet develop in a way that was detrimental to consumer interests we would seek to intervene.”
Net Neutrality
Net neeutrality is a principle proposed for users' access to networks participating in the Internet. The principle advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and the modes of communication.
The principle states that if a given user pays for a certain level of Internet access, and another user pays for the same level of access, then the two users should be able to connect to each other at the subscribed level of access.
The principle states that if a given user pays for a certain level of Internet access, and another user pays for the same level of access, then the two users should be able to connect to each other at the subscribed level of access.
Thursday 3 March 2011
Monday 21 February 2011
The mutualisation of news
1. Consumers are now becoming journalists, as they produce their own media.
2. Internet sites such as 'twitter' have enabled this revolutions to take place.
3. Consumers contact the producers- provide information etc.
useful quotes
"By continuing to go down this route, we will be more diverse, and genuinely more plural than other media organisations"
"The investigation into the death of Ian Tomlinson at the G20 demonstrations in London was an excellent example of linking traditional journalism with information from the public"
2. Internet sites such as 'twitter' have enabled this revolutions to take place.
3. Consumers contact the producers- provide information etc.
useful quotes
"By continuing to go down this route, we will be more diverse, and genuinely more plural than other media organisations"
"The investigation into the death of Ian Tomlinson at the G20 demonstrations in London was an excellent example of linking traditional journalism with information from the public"
Wednesday 2 February 2011
the impact of new and digital media case study
hegemony
"the last colony in the British empire"
freeth 1985:27
"social life, nothing is fixed, rigid or definitive. and nothing will be"
antonio gramski
marxism
"capitalist production, therefore, develops technology, and the combining together of various processes into social whole, only by sapping the original sources of all wealth"
'marxism and media studies'
1891- mike wayne
capital imperialism
"western nations dominate the media around the world which in return effects on the third world culture imposing their western views and therefore destroying native culture"
'communication and cultural domination'
herb schiller
globalisation
"media globalisation is tightly interweaven with world economy and market forces"
'children, young and the media globalisation'
cecilia feilitzen and ulla carlsson
post colonialism
"cultural studies must specialism but also actively from and resist the tyranny of the specialists"
'outside in the teaching machine'
spivak
cultural imperialism
"the Americanisation of world culture so often commented on and often deplored might be better described as the discovery of what world culture tastes actually are"
political economy on media
"a political economy of the new media insists on examination of the circumstances that give rise to any given distribution of power and of the consequences consumers and and citizens"
'robin mansell LSE,2004
convergence
"established companies will find in convergence and opportunity to operate more efficiently, increase returns on technology investments and realise other business benefits"
'opportunities and challenges'
stellios papadakis
one
i am an interested politics and media student wanting to focus on the Democratic side of media. this will include UGC, for example, YouTube videos, news blogs and interaction via consumers to the producers.
1.rodney king video - emedia - 3/3/1991
http://www.youtube.com/verify_age?next_url=http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DROn_9302UHg
2. BBC news
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
3. sky news
news.sky.com/
main theorists to focus on:
1. david gauntlett - digital media
2. theodor adorno - socialist
3. alvarado - politics
BBC:
public service broadcaster
operates under Royal charter
funded by television license fee
chairman- sir michael lyons
director- mark thompson
methods used:
1. yourpics@bbc.co.uk
2. text- 61124
3. various international numbers
sky:
owned by Rupert Murdoch
operating since 1989
bskyb owned
internationally accessible
widened his company (increase producers)
methods used:
1. news@sky.com
2. newsonline@bskyb.com
3. skynewsinternational.com/carry/
- Internet has enabled companies to broaden their audiences
- these audiences have now the ability to interact directly with the channels
- consumers are now producers
- 'send in media'
two
- more consumers
- producers are now asking for the consumers to 'send in' media. this may include photos, stories and videos
- technological advances have made it more accessible ( as its cheaper) for most consumers to buy cameras, phones, other technological advances to share their productions.
S
more UGC
more journalists
H
decline in newspapers
more Internet news
more technology
E
license fees (tax)
earn money through your Media (you've been framed)
P
more democratic (everyone has a voice)
captures live events (sell these for money) or (distribute worldwide e.g. 9/11 attacks)
four
- larger audience
- cheaper technology
- news affects all
- all demographics are affected by news
- e.g. newsround for children below the age of 12
- ratings have increased as the political and economic lifestyle of the uk has changed. the uk has been foreced to adapt to this e.g. recession and now all consumers can access blogs and have their own views on the government, people and personalities.
five
bbc news website-->> 12+ 15+ 18+ newsround academic news
sky contact us website-->> 15+ 18+ academic news
six
- consumers have joined websites such as 'www.youtube.com'- now produce media
- youtube found in feb 2005
- available in 34 languages
- viacom regulated
- blocked in: china
morrocco
thailand
iran
pakistan
turkey
libya
.....
additional notes
2010 tution fees protest
-facebook enabled youths to interact with one and other and this in turn hlped stage the protests accross the uk and schools
uk uncut pressure groups
- protest against corporate tax evaders. the public staged protests by sitting inside stores e.g. vodafone, and then read books (not commiting any crimes) and effectively stopped people shopping there.
closing date 30/1/2011
targets include:
tesco
boots
philip green (topshop, burton, etc...)
vodafone
examples:
- philip green avioded £285 million in tax. this could pay for upto 20 000 nurses and 32, 000 students at £9000 per term fees.
"the last colony in the British empire"
freeth 1985:27
"social life, nothing is fixed, rigid or definitive. and nothing will be"
antonio gramski
marxism
"capitalist production, therefore, develops technology, and the combining together of various processes into social whole, only by sapping the original sources of all wealth"
'marxism and media studies'
1891- mike wayne
capital imperialism
"western nations dominate the media around the world which in return effects on the third world culture imposing their western views and therefore destroying native culture"
'communication and cultural domination'
herb schiller
globalisation
"media globalisation is tightly interweaven with world economy and market forces"
'children, young and the media globalisation'
cecilia feilitzen and ulla carlsson
post colonialism
"cultural studies must specialism but also actively from and resist the tyranny of the specialists"
'outside in the teaching machine'
spivak
cultural imperialism
"the Americanisation of world culture so often commented on and often deplored might be better described as the discovery of what world culture tastes actually are"
political economy on media
"a political economy of the new media insists on examination of the circumstances that give rise to any given distribution of power and of the consequences consumers and and citizens"
'robin mansell LSE,2004
convergence
"established companies will find in convergence and opportunity to operate more efficiently, increase returns on technology investments and realise other business benefits"
'opportunities and challenges'
stellios papadakis
one
i am an interested politics and media student wanting to focus on the Democratic side of media. this will include UGC, for example, YouTube videos, news blogs and interaction via consumers to the producers.
1.rodney king video - emedia - 3/3/1991
http://www.youtube.com/verify_age?next_url=http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DROn_9302UHg
2. BBC news
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
3. sky news
news.sky.com/
main theorists to focus on:
1. david gauntlett - digital media
2. theodor adorno - socialist
3. alvarado - politics
BBC:
public service broadcaster
operates under Royal charter
funded by television license fee
chairman- sir michael lyons
director- mark thompson
methods used:
1. yourpics@bbc.co.uk
2. text- 61124
3. various international numbers
sky:
owned by Rupert Murdoch
operating since 1989
bskyb owned
internationally accessible
widened his company (increase producers)
methods used:
1. news@sky.com
2. newsonline@bskyb.com
3. skynewsinternational.com/carry/
- Internet has enabled companies to broaden their audiences
- these audiences have now the ability to interact directly with the channels
- consumers are now producers
- 'send in media'
two
- more consumers
- producers are now asking for the consumers to 'send in' media. this may include photos, stories and videos
- technological advances have made it more accessible ( as its cheaper) for most consumers to buy cameras, phones, other technological advances to share their productions.
S
more UGC
more journalists
H
decline in newspapers
more Internet news
more technology
E
license fees (tax)
earn money through your Media (you've been framed)
P
more democratic (everyone has a voice)
captures live events (sell these for money) or (distribute worldwide e.g. 9/11 attacks)
four
- larger audience
- cheaper technology
- news affects all
- all demographics are affected by news
- e.g. newsround for children below the age of 12
- ratings have increased as the political and economic lifestyle of the uk has changed. the uk has been foreced to adapt to this e.g. recession and now all consumers can access blogs and have their own views on the government, people and personalities.
five
bbc news website-->> 12+ 15+ 18+ newsround academic news
sky contact us website-->> 15+ 18+ academic news
six
- consumers have joined websites such as 'www.youtube.com'- now produce media
- youtube found in feb 2005
- available in 34 languages
- viacom regulated
- blocked in: china
morrocco
thailand
iran
pakistan
turkey
libya
.....
additional notes
2010 tution fees protest
-facebook enabled youths to interact with one and other and this in turn hlped stage the protests accross the uk and schools
uk uncut pressure groups
- protest against corporate tax evaders. the public staged protests by sitting inside stores e.g. vodafone, and then read books (not commiting any crimes) and effectively stopped people shopping there.
closing date 30/1/2011
targets include:
tesco
boots
philip green (topshop, burton, etc...)
vodafone
examples:
- philip green avioded £285 million in tax. this could pay for upto 20 000 nurses and 32, 000 students at £9000 per term fees.
Tuesday 25 January 2011
theories and quotes
hegemony
"the last colony in the british empire"
freeth 1985:27
"social life, nothing is fixed, rigid or definitive. and nothing will be"
antonio gramski
marxism
"capitalist production, therefore, develops technology, and the combining together of various processes into social whole, only byb sapping the original sources of all wealth"
'marxism and media studies'
1891- mike wayne
capital imperialism
"western nations dominate the media around the world wich in return effects opn the third world culture imposing their western views and therfore destroying native culture"
'communication and cultural domination'
herb schiller
globalisation
"media globalisation is tightly interweaven with world economy and markert forces"
'children, young and the media globalisation'
cecilia feilitzen and ulla carlsson
post colonialsim
"cultural studies must specialism but also actively from and resist the tyranny of the specialists"
'outside in the teaching machine'
spivak
cultural imperialism
"the americanisation of world culture so often commented on and often deplored might be better described as the discovery of what world culture tastes actually are"
political economy on media
"a political economy of the new media insists on examintion of the cirumstances that give rise to any given distrabution of power and of the consequences consumers andand citizens"
'robin mansell LSE,2004
convergence
"established companies will find in convergence and opportunity to operate more efficiently, increase returns on technology investments and realise other business benefits"
'opporunites and challenges'
stellios papadakis
"the last colony in the british empire"
freeth 1985:27
"social life, nothing is fixed, rigid or definitive. and nothing will be"
antonio gramski
marxism
"capitalist production, therefore, develops technology, and the combining together of various processes into social whole, only byb sapping the original sources of all wealth"
'marxism and media studies'
1891- mike wayne
capital imperialism
"western nations dominate the media around the world wich in return effects opn the third world culture imposing their western views and therfore destroying native culture"
'communication and cultural domination'
herb schiller
globalisation
"media globalisation is tightly interweaven with world economy and markert forces"
'children, young and the media globalisation'
cecilia feilitzen and ulla carlsson
post colonialsim
"cultural studies must specialism but also actively from and resist the tyranny of the specialists"
'outside in the teaching machine'
spivak
cultural imperialism
"the americanisation of world culture so often commented on and often deplored might be better described as the discovery of what world culture tastes actually are"
political economy on media
"a political economy of the new media insists on examintion of the cirumstances that give rise to any given distrabution of power and of the consequences consumers andand citizens"
'robin mansell LSE,2004
convergence
"established companies will find in convergence and opportunity to operate more efficiently, increase returns on technology investments and realise other business benefits"
'opporunites and challenges'
stellios papadakis
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